In this spin-off of the successful Gangstar: Miami Vindication, it s your duty to make sure your gang not only survives this war, but rises to the top and claims the seat of power. An index and more than 180 references are supplied.Since Johnny Gainesville left, two massive gangs have waged a bloody war to replace him and take control of Miami. Results suggest implications for research as well as the need for further refinement.
Data on Cardiff, Wales, are used to test very different hypotheses concerning offender rates, which correlate offenders' homes, residential areas, and locality-based activities. Data for two cities, Swansea, Wales, and Oklahoma City, Okla., are used to test several current hypotheses for the physical aspects of design, land use, location, and social dynamics of an urban area in relation to offense rates. Although many critics attacked the Newman study on methodological grounds, it launched numerous projects based on physical design as a crime deterrent. Newman defined the concept of 'opportunities for crime,' and put blame on the anonymity of segments of urban space. Variants of ecological analysis correlated crime with environment Oscar Newman's controversial 1972 study on defensible space was a benchmark in this area. American studies often correlated urban zones with criminality, a technique not particularly applicable to British cities, where public-sector housing is a much stronger presence.
Area studies of crime patterns in the 1970's mostly depended on cartographic procedures (such as centrographic and computer graphics techniques) and used official crime statistics of questionable accuracy. Although criminological research has incorporated spatial variables as far back as the 19th century, professional geographers were not involved until the 1970's, when the behavioral dimension of criminality began to be extensively studied.
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